Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

The upcoming study investigates the design and use of vertical-axis wind turbines for power extraction in Chahnimeha, Zabol. In Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, due to the vastness and climatic barriers, the use of renewable energy can greatly contribute to the well-being of people. Using the meteorological data of this province, the average wind speed in the Chahnime region is estimated at 6.4 m/s. At first, 4 airfoils with the highest lift-to-drag coefficient have been selected and studied for wind turbine design. By choosing the best airfoil among the four examined ones, a wind turbine with 3 different blade sizes and rotor radius was designed. The wind turbine, which is designed with a blade length of 3 meters and a rotor radius of 1.5 m, has the best performance. The vertical axis wind turbine has been investigated in 4 models with 3, 5, 7, and 9 blades. The power factor of the 3-bladed turbine is equal to 0.30, and of the 7-bladed wind turbine is equal to 0.45. Among the examined wind turbines, the best wind turbine with 7 blades was chosen. The reduction of wind speed before the blades is influenced by the solidity of the wind turbine. The study of wind turbine exergy was used to investigate the environmental effects such as humidity and temperature on the performance of wind turbines in the climatic region of Zabol. The exergy efficiency of the designed 3-blade and 7-blade wind turbine is equal to 45 and 75%, which shows the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the wind turbine efficiency in a climate region. The results of this study clearly show that it is possible to use a 7-blade vertical axis wind turbine to provide electricity to areas far from the grid and to produce scattered.

In this study the possibility of using fuzzy inference system efficiency, creating a bridge between meteorological, plant parameters, and Daily Yield, and comparing the accuracy of Daily Yield using these systems were investigated. After analyzing the different models and different combinations of daily meteorological data, seven models for estimating daily Yield were presented. For these models, the calculated Yield from AQUACROP model was considered as a base and the efficiency of other models was evluated using statistical methods such as root mean squared error, error of the mean deviation, coefficient of determination, Jacovides (t) and Sabbagh et al. (R2/t) criteria. An experiment was carried out during the 2014-2015 growing season in the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Khorasane Razavi province using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement and four replications. This experiment was including of three irrigation levels treatments as the main plot and three method of planting treatments (transplanting 20-days, transplanting 30-days and direct seeded) as subplots. From the available data, 75 percent was used for training the model and the rest of 25 percent was utilized for the testing purposes. The results derived from the fuzzy models with different input parameters as compared with AQUACROP model showed that fuzzy systems were very well able to estimate the daily Yield. Fuzzy model so that the highest correlation with the 9 input variables (r=0. 98) had in mind and evaluate other parameters, the model with 2 parameters, match very well with the AQUACROP model had stage training. In the test phase, training phase was very similar results and the model with the second phase of harvest index and canopy cover will get the best match. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that fuzzy model approach is an appropriate method to estimate the daily yield.

Background and Objectives: The main purpose of the present research is to determine the effectiveness of the inquiry method in improving students' academic achievment, practical skills, and inference power in the chemistry course, which was implemented on the topic of temperature and heat. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a a pre-test and post-test design having a control group. The population of the study comprised of all tenth-grade female students in the Torghabeh-Shandiz region of Mashhad during the academic year of 2023-2024. A random sample of 4 0students was finally selected for the study. In the experimental group, during 10 sessions of 120 minutes, the subject of temperature and heat was taught by inquiry method. On the other hand, in the control group, traditional method of teaching was used. A researcher-made written test was used to check students' learning about temperature and heat, and another researcher-made practical test was used to check their practical skills. Experienced physics teachers and professors checked the validity of the tests. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, showing acceptable reliability values. Students’ inference power was also measured through the California Critical Thinking Questionnaire Form B. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS 24 software. Findings: The results showed 27.4% more learning, 47.2% higher practical skills, and 41.8% higher inference power in students as a result of being taught by the inquiry method. Conclusion: The inquiry method significantly enhances students’ academic achievement, practical skills, and inference power in chemistry, indicating its effectiveness as a teaching strategy.

To estimate actual evapotranspiration of grass, an experiment was a weather stationat, the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 1389 year. In this experiment, actual evapotranspiration grass Deficit irrigation at different levels (5 levels) with a single branch sprinkler system, at two-day period was measure the water balance method. Also was estimated the reference crop evapotranspiration with FAO Penman, Hargreaves-Samani and pan evaporation methods. Coefficients calculated for each plant with water level and Five Fuzzy model was provided for estimating actual daily evapotranspiration. In these models was considered FAO Penman evapotranspiration as the output model. Performance models were compared using RMES, MAE, MBE, t and R2/t. The results showed that evapotranspiration values calculated in terms of standard methods of FAO Penman and Hargreaves - Samani, compared with the water balance method, respectively, 17 and 14 percent more than had been estimated. With analysis of evapotranspiration values in non-standard conditions were found to reduce grass Deficit irrigation is the actual evapotranspiration, The difference amounts to 20 percent evapotranspiration Deficit irrigation conditions was not a significant effect on evapotranspiration. Fuzzy model output results also showed that the fuzzy models developed using the combined model (PMF56) had a high Match and the ability to estimate actual evapotranspiration are included in the daily scale.

‘, Approved opinions’,and the method of inferring them are one of the topics that have been briefly discussed in Avicenna’, s works. According to him, the intellect alone cannot infer ‘, approved opinions’, , and other components, such as theoretical opinions, reputation, induction, experience, and expediency, must also play positive roles in inferring them. But the method of inferring ‘, approved opinions’,from these different components is a matter of debate: while ‘, approved opinions’,fall under the category of conventional premises, and Avicenna talks about substantiating these opinions, there are other places in his work that he speaks of the indemonstrable character of the conventional premises. However, with an analytical look at Avicenna’, s discussions in the section on the conventional premises in logic and the functions of practical reason and examining his views on ethics, a new explanation can be provided that clarifies the incompatibility of the aforementioned components with the indemonstrability of conventional premises. This explanation originates from this philosophical point in Avicenna’, s work that there is a fundamental difference between substantiation and its premise for inferring the ‘, approved opinions’,and demonstration and its premises in classical logic and theoretical philosophy. When he talks about substantiating ‘, approved opinions’, , Avicenna does not mean to demonstrate them, which is incompatible with his view about the indemonstrability of conventional premises. Contrary to demonstration, substantiation can be based on analogy and induction, that is, ‘, approved opinions’,can be inferred analogically and inductively. The analogy can also have different premises, from primary and universal premises to experimental and individual ones. Matters such as manners, passions, and human expediencies can also be included in these premises.

This article is an attempt to analyze Mualana’s approach to the concept of inference or reasoning in Mathnavi. Primarily, the definition of inference is provided and its various types are distinguished, then, the application of each type is studied in Mathnavi and a number of examples are given to illustrate Maulana’s approach to the act of reasoning. Moreover, the relation between Maulana, the author, and his addressee’s conception is discussed in details. It is demonstrated that Maulana applied reasoning to enhance addressee’s conception rather than to prove a claim. He particularly applied logical reasoning, a common concept in ethics, which is comprised of diverse types such as, rational, traditional, or jointly. As a pulpit preacher, he employed parables and similes for rational argument, and cited Qur’an and Hadith for traditional argument.